Plantago major

Family	Plantaginaceae
Tribe	Plantagineae
Scientific name	Plantago major L.
Synonyms	Plantago arctica Schur; Plantago biebersteinii Opiz; Plantago biebersteinii Opiz var. brachystachya Opiz; Plantago biebersteinii Opiz var. leptostachya Opiz; Plantago botryophylla Kirschleger; Plantago bracteata Moench; Plantago compressiscapa Opiz; Plantago crassa Willdenow; Plantago crenata Blanco; Plantago crispa Jacquin; Plantago dentata Mazziari; Plantago dilatata Opiz; Plantago dostalii Domin; Plantago dostalii Domin var. megasperma Domin; Plantago dostalii Domin var. microsperma Domin; Plantago dostalii Domin var. poloniensis Domin; Plantago dregeana Decaisne; Plantago gigas H. Léveillé; Plantago halophila Bicknell ex Britton; Plantago intermedia Gilibert; Plantago intermedia Gilibert var. minima (Roth) Martrin-Donos; Plantago laciniosa Domin; Plantago latifolia Salisbury; Plantago limosa Kitaibel ex Schultes; Plantago lutulenta Lamotte; Plantago macronipponica Yamamoto; Plantago major L. forma agrestis (Fries) Pilger; Plantago major L. forma brachystachya (Wallroth) Carpenter; Plantago major L. forma bracteata (Moench) Schlechtendal ex Domin; Plantago major L. forma brevipedicellata (Pilger) Pilger; Plantago major L. forma caulescens Beguinot; Plantago major L. forma coronata Domin; Plantago major L. forma crispa (Bubela ex Formanek) Domin; Plantago major L. forma cruenta (Holuby) Pilger; Plantago major L. forma divisa Opiz; Plantago major L. forma dura (Domin) Pilger; Plantago major L. forma erecta Pilger; Plantago major L. forma heterophylla Gerhardt ex Schube; Plantago major L. forma intermedia (Gilibert) Beguinot; Plantago major L. forma lancifolia Lepage; Plantago major L. forma latissima Pilger; Plantago major L. forma leptostachya (Wallroth) Pilger; Plantago major L. forma longispica Gortani; Plantago major L. forma longissima Pilger; Plantago major L. forma maxima (Schlechtendal) Pilger; Plantago major L. forma megastachya Beguinot; Plantago major L. forma microstachya (Hayne) Pilger; Plantago major L. forma minor Pilger; Plantago major L. forma minor Witte; Plantago major L. forma mutata Menyharth; Plantago major L. forma nana (Trattinick) Beguinto; Plantago major L. forma nervatra Szabo; Plantago major L. forma oblongolanceolata E. Lehmann; Plantago major L. forma ovata Pilger; Plantago major L. forma pachystachya (Cesati) Beguinot; Plantago major L. forma paniculata (Decaisne) Schlechtendal ex Domin; Plantago major L. forma pauciflora (Hayek) Pilger; Plantago major L. forma pleiosperma Domin; Plantago major L. forma polystachya (Makino) T. Yamazaki; Plantago major L. forma rhodostachya (Mertens & Koch) Domin; Plantago major L. forma rigidifolia (Cesati) Beguinot; Plantago major L. forma rocae (Lorentz) Pilger; Plantago major L. forma rosea Prahl; Plantago major L. forma rosulans Domin; Plantago major L. forma rotundata Pilger; Plantago major L. forma scopulorum (Fries & Broberg) Pilger; Plantago major L. forma sinuata (Lamarck) Beguinot; Plantago major L. forma subintegra (Pilger) Pilger; Plantago major L. forma vulgaris Pilger; Plantago major L. subforma brevipedicellata Pilger; Plantago major L. subforma cruenta (Holuby) Pilger; Plantago major L. subforma dura Pilger; Plantago major L. subforma maxima (Schlechtendal) Pilger; Plantago major L. subforma minor (Witte) Pilger; Plantago major L. subforma subintegra Pilger; Plantago major L. subsp. eumajor Pilger; Plantago major L. subsp. intermedia (Gilibert) Lange; Plantago major L. subsp. pleiosperma Pilger; Plantago major L. subvar. agrestis (Fries) Pilger; Plantago major L. subvar. brachyphylla Pilger; Plantago major L. subvar. brevibracteata Pilger; Plantago major L. subvar. carnosa (Moricand) Pilger; Plantago major L. subvar. erecta (Pilger) Pilger; Plantago major L. subvar. incisa Pilger; Plantago major L. subvar. megastachya Wallroth ex Pilger; Plantago major L. subvar. microstachya (Hayne) Pilger; Plantago major L. subvar. ovata (Pilger) Pilger; Plantago major L. subvar. pauciflora Hayek; Plantago major L. subvar. rotundata (Pilger) Pilger; Plantago major L. var. acheruntica A. Terracciano; Plantago major L. var. agrestis Fries; Plantago major L. var. angustata Domin; Plantago major L. var. angustata Schur; Plantago major L. var. borstii Knuth; Plantago major L. var. brachystachya Wallroth; Plantago major L. var. bracteata (Moench) Schlechtendal; Plantago major L. var. brevis Pilger; Plantago major L. var. carnosa Moricand; Plantago major L. var. compressiscapa (Opiz) Domin; Plantago major L. var. condensa Lamotte; Plantago major L. var. crispa Bubela ex Formanek; Plantago major L. var. cruenta Holuby; Plantago major L. var. fastigiata Wimmer & Grabowski; Plantago major L. var. flavovirens Pilger; Plantago major L. var. foliosa Moricand; Plantago major L. var. glaberrima T. Durand; Plantago major L. var. glabra Lejeune; Plantago major L. var. granitica Martrin-Donos; Plantago major L. var. intermedia (Gilibert) Decaisne; Plantago major L. var. kimurae Yamamoto; Plantago major L. var. latissima Pilger; Plantago major L. var. laxiflora Bunge; Plantago major L. var. leptostachya Decaisne; Plantago major L. var. leptostachya Wallroth; Plantago major L. var. luxuriosa Lunell; Plantago major L. var. maxima Schlechtendal; Plantago major L. var. megastachya Wallroth; Plantago major L. var. micrantha Pilger; Plantago major L. var. microstachya Hayne; Plantago major L. var. microstachya Wallroth; Plantago major L. var. microstachya Wimmer & Grabowski; Plantago major L. var. minima (de Candolle) Dalla Torre & Sarntheim; Plantago major L. var. minima Roth; Plantago major L. var. minima Schlechtendal; Plantago major L. var. minima Wimmer & Grabowski; Plantago major L. var. minor (Witte) Beguinot ex Fiori; Plantago major L. var. minor Moricand; Plantago major L. var. minor Boissier; Plantago major L. var. nana (Trattinick) Rouy; Plantago major L. var. pachyphylla Pilger; Plantago major L. var. pachystachya Cesati; Plantago major L. var. paludosa (Turczaninow ex Ledebour) Beguinot; Plantago major L. var. paniculata Decaisne; Plantago major L. var. phyllostachya Wallroth; Plantago major L. var. pilgeri Domin; Plantago major L. var. polysperma Hasse ex Beckhaus; Plantago major L. var. polystachya Schur; Plantago major L. var. polystachya Hayne; Plantago major L. var. procera Sonder ex Koch; Plantago major L. var. prostrata Lamotte; Plantago major L. var. psilostachya Wallroth; Plantago major L. var. pubescens Lange; Plantago major L. var. pumila Custer; Plantago major L. var. purpurascens Weyer; Plantago major L. var. pygmaea Stefansson ex Oskarsson; Plantago major L. var. ramosa Moricand; Plantago major L. var. rhodostachya Mertens & Koch; Plantago major L. var. rigidifolia Cesati; Plantago major L. var. rosea Roth; Plantago major L. var. rosea Decaisne; Plantago major L. var. salina Wirtgen; Plantago major L. var. sawadae Yamamoto; Plantago major L. var. scopulorum Fries & Broberg; Plantago major L. var. sinuata (Lamarck) Decaisne; Plantago major L. var. sinuata Hayne; Plantago major L. var. subsinuata (Hornemann) Roemer & Schultes; Plantago major L. var. tenerrima Schur; Plantago major L. var. tropica Grisebach; Plantago major L. var. typica Beck; Plantago major L. var. uliginosa (F. W. Schmidt) Kosteletzky; Plantago major L. var. uliginosa Wimmer & Grabowski; Plantago major L. var. ungavensis Lepage; Plantago major L. var. vulgaris Hayne; Plantago major L. var. vulgaris Schlechtendal; Plantago minima de Candolle; Plantago namikawae Masamune; Plantago nana Trattinick; Plantago nitrophila A. Nelson; Plantago officinarum Crantz; Plantago paludosa Turczaninow ex Ledebour; Plantago pauciflora (Hayek) Gilibert ex Domin; Plantago pauciflora (Hayek) Gilibert ex Domin forma agrestis (Fries) Domin; Plantago pauciflora (Hayek) Gilibert ex Domin forma dura Domin; Plantago pauciflora (Hayek) Gilibert ex Domin forma limosa (Kitaibel ex Schultes) Domin; Plantago pauciflora (Hayek) Gilibert ex Domin forma petiolaris Domin; Plantago pauciflora (Hayek) Gilibert ex Domin forma subintegra (Pilger) Domin; Plantago pauciflora (Hayek) Gilibert ex Domin var. paludosa (Turczaninow ex Ledebour) Domin; Plantago pauciflora (Hayek) Gilibert ex Domin var. scopulorum (Fries & Broberg) Domin; Plantago pauciflora (Hayek) Gilibert ex Domin var. sinuata (Lamarck) Domin; Plantago pauciflora (Hayek) Gilibert ex Domin var. uliginosa (F. W. Schmidt) Domin; Plantago polystachia Mazziari; Plantago rocae Lorentz; Plantago rosea (Roth) Reichenbach; Plantago sawadae (Yamamoto) Yamamoto; Plantago sinuata Lamarck; Plantago sorokinii Bunge; Plantago subsinuata Hornemann; Plantago uliginosa F. W. Schmidt; Plantago villifera Kitagawa; Plantago vulgaris Pavlova; Plantago vulgaris Pavlova forma microstachya (Hayne) Pavlova; Plantago vulgaris Pavlova forma pubescens Pavlova; Plantago vulgaris Pavlova forma sulfurea Spohr ex Pavlova; Plantago vulgaris Pavlova forma tenuifolia Pavlova; Plantago vulgaris Pavlova forma typica Pavlova
Common name	(Japanese common name) ohbako (セイヨウオオバコ, 西洋大葉子 [meaning: European large leaves])
	(English common name) broadleaf plantain, common plantain, grand plantain
Distribution	(Japan) Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Okinawa
	(Other nations) [native] Europe
Habitat	Roadside, field, riverside
Chromosomal number	2n=12 (2x), 18 (3x), 24 (4x)
Description	Scapes 10-60cm tall. Leaves 3-30cm long (including petioles). Flowers flowering in June to September. Perennial plants.
Reference	Plantago major L.
	Plantago major L.
	Plantago major L.
	PCR markers distinguish Plantago major subspecies
	Process for sterilizing psyllium seed husk using aqueous isopropanol (US Patent 3992147/1976)
	Process for producing interferon inducers (US Patent 4469685/1984)
	Gastrointestinal compositions (US Patent 4689229/1987)
	Medicinal agent and method for treatment of mastitis in animals and humans (US Patent 5061491/1991)
	Composition for biocontrol of plantain (US Patent 5208026/1993)
	Tissue sealant product and method (US Patent 5192542/1993)
	Plantago major transdermal patch for use in treating a tobacco or nicotine habit (US Patent 5716635/1998)
	Methods for identifying substances with a potential herbicidal or growth-regulating action by means of plant transporter proteins, the use of the transporter proteins, and substances with a herbicidal and growth-regulating action (US Patent 5750362/1998)
	Therapeutic composition for the treatment of skin lesions and methods for its preparation (US Patent 5738850/1998)
	Local oral herbal slow release tablets (US Patent 5942244/1999)
	Synergistic herbal extracts (US Patent 6027716/2000)
	Processes for modifying plant flowering behavior (US Patent 6025544/2000)
	Anti-fungal compositions with prolonged activity (US Patent 6197305/2001)
	Method of isolating mucilaginous polysaccharides and uses thereof (US Patent 6482942/2002)
	Nucleic acids encoding sucrose-binding proteins (US Patent 6437219/2002)
	Treating open skin lesions using extract of sea buckthorn (US Patent 6576269/2003)
	Therapeutic composition including plantain and aloe vera for treatment of arthritis and other afflictions (US Patent 6514540/2003)
	Curcuminoid compositions exhibiting synergistic inhibition of the expression and/or activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (US Patent 6979470/2005)
	Method of feeding a ruminant (US Patent 7160552/2007)
	Rice sucrose transporter gene promoter (US Patent 7186821/2007)
Note	Naturalized plants.
	University of South Frorida (USF) Institute of Systemtic Botany has described that Plantago japonica Franchet & Savatier (syn. Plantago japonica Franchet & Savatier forma polystachya Makino; Plantago major L. forma polystachya (Makino) T. Yamazaki; Plantago major L. var. japonica (Franchet & Savatier) Miyabe) is a synonym of Plantago major L.

September 2008 at Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University	September 2008 at Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University	September 2008 at Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

September 2008 at Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University	September 2008 at Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University

September 2008 at Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University